The Children of Adam and Eve

He was frequently called James Edward Stuart. He was a pretender to the
throne, also called James III, the Old Pretender, and the Chevalier de
Saint George; for More than half a century he was regarded by his Jacobite
followers as the rightful king of Great Britain.

When his father, King James II, was driven from England by the so-called
Glorious Revolution later the same year, James Edward was taken to the
French court at Saint-Germain-en-Laye. In 1701, on the Death of James II,
Louis XIV of France proclaimed the Young prince the rightful successor to
the English throne.

English sentiment was Strongly against James Edward, However, because of
his Roman Catholicism. That same year the English Parliament, to prevent
the return of a Roman Catholic to the throne, passed the Act of
Settlement, and the following year it enacted a bill of attainder against
James Edward. In 1708, supported by the French and by a group of his
adherents known as Jacobites, James Edward attempted unsuccessfully to
invade Scotland and was driven back to France. In 1715 a rebellion was
launched by the Jacobites in Scotland and in December of that year James
Edward went to Scotland, where he was to be crowned. The movement failed,
However, in the face of superior forces under John Campbell, 2d duke of
Argyll, and James Edward again retired to France.

After 1719 James Edward lived in Rome, where he was given royal honors.
The struggle on behalf of the Stuart cause was renewed by his older son,
Charles Edward Stuart. James Edward's Younger son, Henry Benedict Stuart,
Cardinal York, became the last of the Stuarts in the male line of
succession after his Brother's Death, and called himself Henry IX.