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Merneith (Meritnit, Meryet-Nit or Meryt-Neith) was a consort and a regent of Ancient Egypt during the first dynasty. She may have been a ruler of Egypt in her own right. The possibility is based on several official records. Her rule occurred thethirtieth century B.C., for an undetermined period of time. Merneith’s name means BeLoved by Neith and her stela contains symbols of that deity. She was Djet's senior royal wife and the mother of Den.

Merneith is linked in a variety of seal impressions and inscribed bowls with Djer, Djet and Den. Merneith may have been the daughter of King Djer, but there is no conclusive evidence. As the mother of Den, it is likely that Merneith was the wifeof King Djet. No information about the identity of her mother has been found.

A clay seal found in the tomb of her son, Den, was engraved with “King’s Mother Merneith”,. It also is known that Den’s father was Djet, making it likely, therefore, that Merneith was Djet’s royal wife.

Merneith is believed to have become ruler upon the death of her husband, Djet. The title she held, However, is debated. It is possible that her son Den was too young to rule when Djet died, so she may have ruled as regent until Den was oldenough to be the king in his own right.

The Strongest evidence that Merneith was a ruler of Egypt is her tomb. This tomb in Abydos (Tomb Y) is unique among the otherwise exclusively male tombs. Merneith was buried close to Djet and Den. Her tomb is of the same scale as the tombs ofthe kings of that period. Two grave stela were discovered near her tomb. The stela show the name of the Merneith. However, her name is not surrounded by a serekh which was the prerogative of a king. Merneith's name is not included in the KingLists from the New Kingdom. A seal containing a list of pharaohs of the first dynasty was found in the tomb of Qa'a, the third known pharaoh after Den. However, this list does not mention the reign of Merneith.

A few other pieces of evidence exist elsewhere about Merneith:

Merneith’s name appears on a seal found in the tomb of her son, Den. The seal includes Merneith on a list of the first dynasty kings. Merneith's name was the only name of a woman included on the list. All of the names on the list are the Horusnames of the kings. However, Merneith's name is accompanied by the title "King's Mother".

Merneith’s name may have been included on the Palermo Stone.

Items from the great mastaba (Nr 3503, 16 x 42 m) in Saqqara where her name has been found in inscriptions on Stone vessels, jars, as well as the seal impressions. In particular, there is one seal from Saqqara which shows Merneith's name in aserekh.

Merneith Enclosure. This is a group of tombs from the cemetery at Shunet el-Zebib. These tombs are dated to the time of Merneith.

Merneith's name was found on objects in king Djer's tomb in Umm el-Qa'ab.

At Abydos the tomb beLonging to Merneith was found in an area associated with other pharaohs of the first dynasty, Umm el-Qa'ab. Two stela made of Stone, identifying the tomb as hers, were found at the site.

In 1900 William Petrie discovered Merneith’s tomb and, because of its nature, believed it beLonged to a previously unknown pharaoh. The tomb was excavated and was shown to contain a large underground chamber, lined with mud bricks, which wassurrounded by rows of small satellite burials with at least 40 subsidiary graves.

The servants were thought to assist the ruler in the afterlife. The burial of servants with a ruler was a consistent practice in the tombs of the early first dynasty pharaohs. Large numbers of sacrificial assets were buried in her tomB.C.omplexas well, which is another honor afforded to pharaohs that provided the ruler with powerful animals for eternal life. This first dynasty burial complex was very important in the Egyptian religious tradition and its importance grew as the cultureendured.

Inside her tomb archaeologists discovered a solar boat that would allow her to travel with the sun deity in the afterlife.

Considered one of the most important archaeological sites of ancient Egypt (near the town of al-Balyana), the sacred city of Abydos was the site of many ancient Temples, including Umm el-Qa'ab, the royal necropolis, where early pharaohs wereentombed. These tombs began to be seen as extremely significant burials and in later times it became desirable to be buried in the area, leading to the growth of the town's importance as a cult site.

Djet, also known as Wadj, Zet, and Uadji (in Greek possibly the pharaoh known as Uenephes), was the fourth Egyptian pharaoh of the first dynasty. Djet's Horus name means "Horus Cobra".

Little is known about his reign, but he has become famous because of the survival, in well-preserved form, of one of his artistically refined tomb steles. It is carved in relief with Djet's Horus name, and shows that the distinct Egyptian stylealReady had become fully developed at that time. His reign was listed in the lost or destroyed sections of the Palermo Stone.

Djet's queen was his sister Merneith. There is a possibility that a lady called Ahaneith was also his wife. Djet and Merneith's son was Den, and their grandson was Anedjib.